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When it comes to choosing the right material for your next project, the decision between duplex stainless steel and 316 can be a tough one. Both are popular choices in various industries due to their impressive properties, but which one is truly superior?Composition and Properties of Duplex Stainless SteelDuplex stainless steel is a type of stainless steel that is gaining popularity in various industries due to its unique combination of properties. It is composed of equal parts austenite and ferrite, giving it the name "duplex." This composition makes it stand out from other types of stainless steel, such as the commonly used 300 series.The austenitic phase in duplex stainless steel provides excellent corrosion resistance, while the ferritic phase offers high strength and toughness. This combination makes duplex stainless steel suitable for use in harsh environments where both strength and corrosion resistance are required. For this reason, it has become a popular choice in industries like oil and gas, chemical processing, and marine engineering.One of the key properties that make duplex stainless steel stand out is its high corrosion resistance. Its dual-phase structure allows it to resist a wide range of corrosive agents including acids, chlorides, and seawater. It can also withstand pitting, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and erosion-corrosion better than other types of stainless steel.In addition to its excellent corrosion resistance, duplex stainless steel also boasts impressive mechanical properties. The balance between austenitic and ferritic phases gives it high strength compared to other types of stainless steel. Duplex grades can have yield strengths up to twice that of standard grades like 304 or 316L.Moreover, duplex stainless steel has good ductility and impact strength even at low temperatures. This makes it suitable for use in cryogenic applications where materials with high toughness are required.Another advantage of duplex stainless steel is its cost-effectiveness compared to other alloys with similar properties. Due to its lower nickel content compared to austenitic steels like 304 or 316L, it is often more affordable without compromising on performance.It should be noted that the composition and properties of duplex stainless steel may vary depending on the specific grade chosen for a particular application. There are three main types of duplex stainless steel: lean duplex, standard duplex, and super duplex. Each type has a different balance of elements, which affects its properties.The unique composition and properties of duplex stainless steel make it a promising choice for various applications. Its high corrosion resistance, strength, toughness, and cost-effectiveness make it a strong competitor to other popular stainless steels like 304 or 316L. When considering the right material for your project, it is essential to evaluate the specific requirements and choose the appropriate grade of duplex stainless steel accordingly.Composition and Properties of 316 Stainless Steel316 stainless steel is a type of austenitic stainless steel that contains higher levels of chromium, nickel, and molybdenum than other grades of stainless steel. This combination of elements gives 316 stainless steel its unique properties and makes it one of the most versatile and widely used materials in various industries.Composition:The composition of 316 stainless steel consists of 16-18% chromium, 10-14% nickel, and 2-3% molybdenum. It also contains small amounts of manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen. The high concentration of these alloying elements gives 316 stainless steel excellent corrosion resistance and strength.Properties:1. Corrosion Resistance: The addition of molybdenum in 316 stainless steel enhances its corrosion resistance compared to other grades. This makes it suitable for use in harsh environments where it may come into contact with chemicals or saltwater.2. High Temperature Resistance: With a melting point of around 1400°C (2550°F), the high temperature resistance of 316 stainless steel makes it ideal for applications involving extreme heat such as furnace components and exhaust systems.3. Strength: The combination of chromium, nickel, and molybdenum in 316 stainless steel results in a material with excellent tensile strength and durability. It can withstand heavy loads without deforming or breaking easily.4. Ductility: One significant advantage of using this grade is its ductility – the ability to be stretched or bent without cracking or breaking. This property makes it easy to fabricate into various shapes such as tubes, sheets, or wires.5. Non-Magnetic: Unlike some other types of stainless steel that are magnetic due to their iron content, 316 stainless steel is non-magnetic even after being cold worked or welded.6. Hygienic: 316 stainless steel is a popular choice for applications in the food and beverage industry due to its hygienic properties. It is non-porous, making it resistant to bacteria growth, and can withstand frequent cleaning and sanitizing.7. Aesthetic Appeal: In addition to its exceptional mechanical properties, 316 stainless steel also has a visually appealing finish. Its shiny, reflective surface makes it a popular choice for architectural and decorative purposes.The composition of 316 stainless steel with its high levels of chromium, nickel, and molybdenum gives it excellent corrosion resistance, strength, ductility, and other desirable properties that make it suitable for various industrial applications.Differences Between Duplex and 316When it comes to choosing the right type of stainless steel for your project, there are a few key options available. Two popular choices are duplex stainless steel and 316 stainless steel. While both offer excellent corrosion resistance and durability, there are some distinct differences between the two that may make one a better choice for your specific needs.Composition:One of the main differences between duplex and 316 stainless steel is their chemical composition. Duplex stainless steel contains a higher amount of chromium (18-28%) and molybdenum (4-7%) compared to 316 stainless steel (16-18% chromium, 2-3% molybdenum). This difference in composition gives duplex stainless steel its unique dual-phase microstructure, with equal parts austenite and ferrite. This allows for increased strength and toughness compared to 316.Corrosion Resistance:Both duplex and 316 stainless steels offer good corrosion resistance, but they excel in different environments. Duplex is highly resistant to stress-corrosion cracking in chloride-rich environments, making it an ideal choice for applications such as offshore oil rigs or marine vessels. On the other hand, 316 offers superior resistance to acids such as sulfuric acid at high temperatures, making it commonly used in chemical processing equipment.Strength:Due to its higher levels of chromium and molybdenum, duplex stainless steel has significantly higher strength than 316. This makes it a preferred choice for structural components that experience heavy loads or high pressures. Additionally, the dual-phase microstructure of duplex increases its resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion compared to 316.Weldability:While both materials can be welded using similar techniques, duplex requires more care during welding due to its dual-phase structure. Specialized welding procedures must be followed to avoid damaging the ferrite phase which could result in reduced mechanical properties or even failure under certain conditions.Cost:One factor that may influence the choice between duplex and 316 is cost. Due to its higher levels of chromium and molybdenum, duplex stainless steel tends to be more expensive than 316. However, in certain applications where its superior strength and corrosion resistance are required, the initial investment may pay off in the long run.Both duplex and 316 stainless steel offer unique properties that make them valuable for different applications. While duplex excels in strength and corrosion resistance in chloride-rich environments, 316 is preferred for its excellent resistance to acids at high temperatures. Consider the specific requirements of your project to determine which type of stainless steel will best suit your needs.Duplex Stainless Steel vs 316: ApplicationsWhen it comes to choosing the right type of stainless steel for a project, it's important to consider not only its mechanical properties, but also its intended application. In this section, we will take a closer look at the applications of duplex stainless steel and compare them to those of 316.Duplex stainless steel is known for its exceptional strength and corrosion resistance, making it a popular choice in various industries such as chemical processing, oil and gas, and marine engineering. Its high yield strength allows for thinner sections to be used while still maintaining structural integrity, resulting in cost savings. Additionally, its resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion makes it ideal for use in harsh environments with exposure to chloride ions.One of the main advantages of duplex stainless steel over 316 is its superior performance in acidic environments. The higher chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo) content in duplex stainless steel provides better resistance to acids than 316. This makes it an excellent choice for applications that require handling or storage of corrosive materials such as sulfuric acid or acetic acid.In addition to its chemical resistance, duplex stainless steel also has excellent mechanical properties that make it suitable for various applications. For example, its high tensile strength makes it ideal for use in pressure vessels and piping systems that are subject to high pressures and temperatures. Its toughness also allows it to withstand impact loading without undergoing brittle fracture.One industry that heavily relies on the use of duplex stainless steel is the oil and gas sector. In offshore drilling platforms where equipment is exposed to saltwater and other corrosive substances, duplex stainless steel offers unparalleled durability and corrosion resistance compared to 316. It is also commonly used in heat exchangers and pipes carrying corrosive fluids in petrochemical plants.Another area where duplex stainless steel outperforms 316 is in marine engineering applications. Due to its higher strength-to-weight ratio, duplex can be used to design lighter and more efficient structures, providing significant cost savings in construction projects. It is also highly resistant to corrosion caused by seawater, making it a preferred choice for shipbuilding and offshore structures.Duplex stainless steel has a wide range of applications in industries that require high strength and corrosion resistance. Its superior performance in acidic environments, excellent mechanical properties, and durability make it a better choice compared to 316 for many applications, particularly in harsh environments such as the oil and gas sector and marine engineering.ConclusionIn conclusion, both duplex stainless steel and 316 offer unique properties that make them suitable for various applications. While 316 is more commonly used due to its availability and cost-effectiveness, duplex stainless steel offers superior strength and corrosion resistance. Ultimately, the choice between these two materials will depend on the specific needs of your project. We hope this comparison has provided valuable insights into each option so you can make an informed decision for your next project. Whichever material you choose, we are confident it will serve you well in achieving your desired results.

When it comes to metal fabrication, the choice between tube and pipe can significantly impact the outcome of an architectural project. This article will delve into the distinctions between tubes and pipes, providing a comprehensive guide to help you make informed decisions.Understanding Tube and Pipe in Metal FabricationBoth tubes and pipes serve essential functions, but they are not interchangeable. Tubes and pipes are designed for specific applications and have distinct characteristics that cater to different structural and fluid transportation needs.Characteristics of Tubes and PipesTubes and pipes have distinct characteristics that make them suitable for specific applications.Thanks to their precise and uniform dimensions, tubes allow accurate fitting and compatibility with other components commonly used in precision engineering. They are also designed to have high structural integrity, making them suitable for applications that require strength and support. Pipes are excellently resistant to pressure and temperature. They are engineered to handle specific pressure and temperature requirements based on the intended application. They can withstand high pressures and extreme temperature conditions.Because they are commonly used to transport gas and fluids, all pipes undergo rigorous testing for pressure, leakage, and material integrity to ensure their quality, safety, and performance.Tubes versus Pipes in the term of StructureTubes are generally characterized by their precise and uniform dimensions, including outer diameter (OD), inner diameter (ID), and wall thickness. They have a more accurate and consistent structure compared to pipes. Tubes can have various shapes, such as round, square, rectangular, or oval.Pipes have standardized dimensions based on nominal pipe sizes (NPS). They are typically characterized by their nominal size, which refers to the approximate inside diameter. Pipes are suitable for fluid or gas transportation.Tubes versus Pipes in the term of Applications in ConstructionIntegrating metal profiles such as tubes and pipes is pivotal in construction and architectural design. Architectural innovation thrives on the diverse applications of tubes and pipes, with TOPSON leading the frontier in supplying customized options for avant-garde designs and construction stability.Metal tubes are often used in applications where precise dimensions, structural integrity, and aesthetic considerations are important. They are commonly found in construction, automotive, aerospace, and engineering industries. Take stainless steel as an example. With their sleek aesthetics and structural integrity, stainless steel tubes often form the backbone of modern buildings, providing support within sleek balustrades, handrails, and stylish frameworks.Pipes are designed to withstand high pressures and are crucial for the efficient and reliable transfer of substances. Therefore, they are fundamental for the transport of materials—water, gas, and chemicals—critical to a building's operational integrity. You can see them in industries such as oil and gas, water supply, plumbing, chemical processing, and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems.Pros and Cons of Tubes and PipesWhen selecting tubes and pipes for different applications, one must weigh the benefits and limitations. At Topson, the team skillfully advises clients on the most appropriate metal profile, ensuring each project's efficiency, practicality, and architectural elegance.Tubes boast superior strength and structural support, making them ideal for construction elements where aesthetics is as valued as function. Their precision in size allows for innovative design and high-end finishing.Due to their thicker walls and emphasis on internal diameters for material flow, they are unmatched in their suitability for conveying fluids. However, the robust design of pipes can add unnecessary weight and rigidity in applications where flexibility is needed.ConclusionNavigating the complexities of choosing between a tube and a pipe can be challenging, but understanding the differences in material, design, and application can guide you toward the right decision. You can ensure a successful and efficient implementation by considering the unique characteristics of tubes and pipes and aligning them with your project requirements.As a stainless steel decorative sheets and stainless steel products manufacturer, Topson's expertise in metal fabrication and product customization can further assist you in making the best choice for your construction and architectural projects.

Stainless steel is a versatile and durable material that is commonly used in a variety of industries. When it comes to choosing between 304 and 316 stainless steel, understanding the key differences can make all the difference. In this blog post, we will break down the distinctions between these two popular grades of stainless steel to help you make an informed decision for your next project.Introduction to Stainless SteelStainless steel is a popular and highly versatile material used in various industries, such as construction, automotive, medical equipment, and household products. It is known for its durability, strength, and resistance to corrosion, making it a preferred choice for many applications.Invented in the early 20th century by English metallurgist Harry Brearley, stainless steel is an alloy composed of iron, chromium, nickel, and other elements such as molybdenum and manganese. The amount of these elements present in the alloy determines the properties of stainless steel.Stainless steel offers excellent heat resistance compared to other metals like aluminum or copper. It can withstand higher temperatures without losing its shape or mechanical properties, making it ideal for use in kitchen appliances and industrial ovens.The grades of stainless steel depend on their chemical composition and structure. The most common ones include austenitic (e.g., 304/316), ferritic (e.g., 430), martensitic (e.g., 410/420), duplex (e.g., 2205), and precipitation-hardening (e.g., 17-4 PH). Each type has unique properties suitable for specific applications.What is 304 Stainless SteelOne particular type of stainless steel that stands out is 304 stainless steel. Also known as "18-8" or "A2" grade stainless steel, it is a versatile and widely used austenitic stainless steel alloy. This means that it contains high levels of chromium and nickel (18% chromium and 8% nickel) which gives it its distinct properties.The high percentage of chromium in stainless steel 304 forms a protective layer on its surface when exposed to oxygen, preventing it from rusting or staining. This makes it an ideal choice for applications where exposure to moisture or corrosive environments is common.Additionally, the presence of nickel in 304 stainless steel provides excellent strength and flexibility. It also gives the alloy impressive weldability, making it suitable for various fabrication processes such as welding, bending, and forming without compromising its corrosion resistance.What is 316 Stainless Steel316 stainless steel is a type of stainless steel that belongs to the austenitic family. It is often referred to as marine-grade stainless steel due to its high resistance to corrosion and ability to withstand harsh environments, like those found in marine or coastal applications.The key property of 316 stainless steel is its excellent corrosion resistance. This makes it suitable for use in various industries, including marine, chemical processing, and medical equipment manufacturing. It can withstand exposure to acids, alkalis, and high temperatures without corroding or losing its strength.304 vs 316 Stainless Steel Chemical CompositionThe chemical compositions of 304 and 316 stainless steels play a significant role in their properties and applications. Both types contain iron, chromium, nickel, and small amounts of other elements such as carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.Composition of 304 Stainless SteelAISI304 was also known as "18-8" stainless steel due to its composition of 18% chromium and 8% nickel. This combination gives it excellent corrosion resistance against most chemicals found in everyday use. Additionally, the presence of chromium also makes it less prone to staining or rusting when exposed to moisture.One key difference between 304 and other grades of stainless steel is its low carbon content (usually below 0.08%). This makes it less susceptible to corrosion caused by welding or heat treatment processes.Composition of 316 Stainless SteelCompared to 304 stainless steel's chemical composition, type 316 contains more nickel (10-14%) and molybdenum (2-3%), which enhances its corrosion resistance even further. Molybdenum plays a crucial role in preventing chloride-induced pitting corrosion - making this type ideal for marine environments or applications involving exposure to saltwater.304 vs 316 Stainless Steel PropertiesWhen it comes to understanding the key differences between various types of stainless steel, one comparison that often comes up is 304 vs 316 stainless steel. While both are commonly used in a wide range of applications, they have distinct properties and characteristics that make them suitable for different purposes.Properties of 316 Stainless Steel316 stainless steel contains a higher percentage of molybdenum (2-3%) compared to 304 stainless steel (0-2%). This addition of molybdenum gives 316 stainless steel superior resistance to corrosion, especially in harsh environments such as marine or chemical processing settings.With a higher tensile strength and yield strength than 304 stainless steel, it is better suited for heavy-duty applications where structural integrity is crucial. This makes it a popular choice for industries such as construction, aerospace, and oil and gas.In terms of physical appearance, 316 stainless steel has a slightly more polished appearance due to the addition of molybdenum. Additionally, its higher nickel content also gives it a somewhat more lustrous shine compared to the duller finish of 304 stainless steel.Properties of 304 Stainless Steel304 stainless steel contains less carbon (0.08%) than 316 (0.03%), making it less susceptible to sensitization - which can occur when exposed to high temperatures for extended periods - resulting in reduced corrosion resistance. The most significant is its affordability, making it a popular choice for everyday household items such as kitchen appliances and utensils.304 stainless steel is also more readily available and easier to work with than 316 stainless steel, making it a top choice for a variety of industrial applications.304 vs 316 Stainless Steel Corrosion ResistanceStainless steel is known for its ability to resist corrosion and maintain its appearance over time. However, not all stainless steels are created equal in this regard. Two of the most commonly used grades of stainless steel, 304 and 316, have different levels of corrosion resistance.304 stainless steel contains 18-20% chromium, while 316 stainless steel contains 16-18% chromium along with an additional 2-3% molybdenum. Molybdenum is known for its ability to enhance corrosion resistance in harsh environments such as those containing saltwater or chloride ions.While both grades offer good general corrosion resistance, some key differences between them make one more suitable than the other in certain applications. For instance, if your project involves exposure to saltwater or other corrosive chemicals, then you would be better off using 316 stainless steel due to its higher molybdenum content.In addition to increased molybdenum content, another factor that contributes to the superior corrosion resistance of 316 over 304 is its lower carbon content. Carbon can cause sensitization in stainless steel when heated at high temperatures during welding or fabrication processes. This leads to intergranular corrosion, where tiny cracks form along grain boundaries, making the metal weaker and more prone to rusting. With its lower carbon content, type 316 is less susceptible to sensitization than type 304.However, there are some situations where 304 stainless steel may be the better choice for corrosion resistance. For example, in environments with high temperatures and low exposure to corrosive elements, 304 stainless steel will provide excellent corrosion resistance while also being more cost-effective than 316.316 vs 304 Stainless Steel StrengthWhen comparing different types of stainless steel, one important factor to consider is their strength. In this section, we will take a closer look at the strength of two commonly used stainless steel grades - 316 and 304.The tensile strength of 304 stainless steel is between 515-860 megapascals (MPa), depending on the thickness of the material. This makes it suitable for most light-duty applications such as kitchen utensils, appliances, and food processing equipment. However, for more heavy-duty or high-stress applications such as construction or automotive parts, where greater strength is required, there may be better choices than 304.316 stainless steel offers a significantly higher strength than 304. Along with chromium (16%), nickel (10%), and molybdenum (2%), it also contains a small amount of titanium which further improves its overall strength. The tensile strength of this grade ranges from 580-1,150 MPa, depending on the thickness.Due to its added molybdenum content, which enhances its corrosion resistance in harsh environments like marine applications or chemical processing plants, grade 316 is considered a superior option over grade 304 in terms of both strength and durability. It is often used in structural components like beams and columns in buildings or bridges as well as in heavy machinery parts subject to high levels of stress.Another measure that can be used to compare the relative strengths of these two grades is their yield strengths - the point at which the material starts to deform plastically. 316 stainless steel has a higher yield strength of around 275 MPa compared to 304, with a yield strength of approximately 205 MPa.Therefore, when choosing between the two, it is essential to consider the intended use and select the appropriate grade that can withstand the required level of stress and load.Stainless Steel 304 vs 316 PriceIn this section, we will dive into the details of the Stainless Steel 304 vs. 316 Price to help you understand which grade may be more suitable for your budget.The primary factor that affects the price difference between these two grades is their chemical composition. Stainless Steel 304 contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel, while Stainless Steel 316 contains 16% chromium, 10% nickel, and an additional element known as molybdenum (2-3%). As molybdenum is a more expensive element than nickel or chromium, it significantly impacts the cost of production for Stainless Steel 316.Another important factor to consider is their availability. Due to its widespread use and popularity, Stainless Steel 304 is often readily available in varying forms such as sheets, coils, bars, etc., making it more affordable compared to its counterpart. On the other hand, Stainless Steel 316 has a low supply globally due to its specific chemical composition requirements; therefore, it tends to have a higher price tag.Moreover, both grades have different mechanical properties that can influence their price difference. The addition of molybdenum in Stainless Steel 316 not only improves its corrosion resistance but also makes it stronger and more durable than Stainless Steel 304. This results in higher production costs for SS316, which often translates into a higher price per unit.In terms of overall performance, stainless Steel 304 is suitable for most applications where corrosion resistance and aesthetic appeal are the primary concerns. However, if your project or product will be exposed to harsher environments, such as marine or chemical industries, then Stainless Steel 316 would be the more cost-effective option in the long run due to its superior corrosion resistance.ConclusionIn this blog post, we have delved into the key differences between two of the most commonly used types of stainless steel - 304 and 316. While both are high-quality materials with excellent corrosion resistance properties, they do have distinct characteristics that set them apart.Whether it be for its corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, or cost-effectiveness, choosing the right grade can make a significant difference in the performance and longevity of your product. We hope this blog post has shed light on these differences and helped you make a more informed choice for your next stainless steel application.

Welcome to the realm of stainless steel composition, where science meets artistry to create a functional and beautiful material.Stainless steel is a corrosion-resistant alloy of iron and chromium, a staple in modern construction and design. Each component contributes unique characteristics to the final product, from chromium and nickel to molybdenum and titanium.In a natural environment, stainless steel is neutral and inert, which can meet sustainable construction needs. In addition, when in contact with an element such as water, it does not produce compounds that may change its composition. When using it in architecture, it is completely and infinitely recyclable. Not only that, stainless steel is also aesthetically appealing, extremely hygienic, easy to maintain, highly durable, and offers various aspects. It plays a prominent role in multiple industries, including energy, transportation, building, research, medicine, food, and logistics.Stainless Steel CompositionStainless steel is the abbreviation for stainless acid-resistant steel, which is resistant to air, steam, water, and other weak corrosive media. It takes chromium as the main element and contains a small amount of carbon and other alloy elements, requiring chromium content greater than 10.5% and carbon content not more than 1.2%.Stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance because the chromium element will oxidize to form a passive layer on the stainless steel surface, preventing rusting. This passive layer also has the unique ability to repair itself.Based on this, for different applications, stainless steel's corrosion resistance and mechanical properties can be further improved by adding other elements, such as nickel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium, manganese, etc.Different grades of stainless steel exist in the market based on their chemical composition and intended use. Each grade offers unique characteristics tailored for specific applications ranging from household appliances to industrial equipment.Just-produced stainless steel is not recommended for direct use. To ensure optimal durability and appearance, stainless steel often undergoes surface treatments like pickling or passivation. These processes remove impurities from the surface and improve the overall look and functionality of the material.Specialized stainless steel alloys have been developed to meet the demands of specific industries such as aerospace or medical devices. These alloys contain additional elements like titanium or copper to enhance their performance in extreme conditions.Grades of Stainless Steel and Their Chemical CompositionStainless steel comes in various grades, each with its unique chemical composition. Five categories of stainless steels are available, each differentiated by the alloying elements added to iron, carbon, and chromium.Austenitic or 300 seriesAustenitic or 300 series is the most used type, which contains 0.015 to 0.10% carbon, 16 to 21% chromium, 6 to 26% nickel, and 0 to 7% molybdenum. This steel has good plasticity, toughness, weldability, and corrosion resistance, especially non-magnetic or weak magnetic. It has good corrosion resistance in oxidizing and reducing media.301 stainless steel composition (%): C: ≤0.15, Si: ≤1.0, Mn: ≤2.0, Cr: 16.0 ~ 18.0, Ni: 6.0-8.0, S: ≤0.03, P: ≤0.045. It is prone to work hardening during deformation and is used in places requiring higher strength. However, its corrosion resistance in chemical media is poor and not recommended for a corrosion environment.304 stainless steel composition (%): C: ≤0.08, Si: ≤1.0, Mn: ≤2.0, Cr: 18.0～20.0, Ni: 8.0～10.0, S: ≤0.03, P: ≤0.045. It is widely used to produce equipment and parts requiring comprehensive performance (corrosion resistance and formability).316 stainless steel composition (%): C: ≤0.08, Si: ≤1.0, Mn: ≤2.0, Cr: 16.0～18.0, Ni: 10.0～14.0, S: ≤0.03, P: ≤0.045, Mo: ≤2.0-3.0. It can withstand 1200-1300 degrees and is suitable for harsh conditions. It is often used in construction and equipment in coastal areas, as well as chemical, dye, paper, oxalic acid, fertilizer, and other production equipment.Austenitic with MnThese are chromium manganese steels with a low nickel content (always below 5%). This series of steels is commonly used in asphalt tankers, tubes, food containers, silos, conveyor chains, safety soles, etc.201 stainless steel composition: C: ≤0.15, Cr: 16 - 18, Ni: 3.50 - 5.5, Mn: 5.50－7.5, P: ≤0.060, S: ≤0.030, Si: ≤1.00, N: ≤0.25. It is mainly used for decorative, industrial, and shallow stretching products.202 stainless steel composition: C: ≤0.15, Cr: 17 - 19, Ni: 4 - 6, Mn: 7.5-10, P: ≤0.060, S: ≤0.030, Si: ≤1.00, N: ≤0.25. It is widely used in architectural decoration and public facilities, such as municipal engineering, highway guardrails, hotel facilities, shopping malls, and glass handrails.Ferritic or 400 seriesFerritic stainless steel is commonly developed for envelope and structural products, such as car exhaust systems, conveyor chains, cooking utensils, boilers, domestic appliances, trim, dishware, heating, hot water tanks, tubes, etc.